Directeur de Recherche CNRS

luis-miguel.chevin[at]cefe.cnrs.fr

I am interested in adaptive evolution in response to changing environments: its ecological causes, phenotypic and genetic underpinnings, and demographic consequences. 

Mots-clés :
Interdisciplinarity, Chemical ecology, Sensory ecology, Specialized metabolism, Volatile organic compounds, Plant-insect interactions, Pollination ecology, Adaptation of interactions to global change, Atmospheric pollution, fig-fig wasp interactions, Mediterranean region, Tropical Region.

Mes recherches portent sur les interactions interspécifiques, plus particulièrement entre plantes et insectes. Mes projets de recherche s´intègrent dans le domaine de l´écologie chimique. En favorisant une approche interdisciplinaire combinant la chimie analytique, l’écologie comportementale, la physiologie sensorielle et la biologie évolutive, j’ai étudié le rôle de la médiation chimique, particulièrement via les composés organiques volatils (COVs), dans le fonctionnement d’interactions de différents types : pollinisation, herbivorie, parasitisme et reconnaissance entre partenaires sexuels. Je travaille aussi bien dans des écosystèmes méditerranéens que tropicaux.

My research focuses on interspecific interactions, particularly between plants and insects. My research projects are in the field of chemical ecology. Favoring an interdisciplinary approach combining analytical chemistry, behavioral l ́ecology, sensory physiology and evolutionary biology, I have studied the role of chemical mediation, particularly via volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in the functioning of different types of interactions: pollination, herbivory, parasitism and recognition between sexual partners. I work in both Mediterranean and tropical ecosystems.

Thématiques français

Je consacre une partie de mes activités de recherche à la caractérisation des mécanismes évolutifs impliqués dans la nature des messagers chimiques ainsi que la détection de ces composés dans les interactions plantes-pollinisateurs. L’autre axe de mes recherches porte sur l ́impact des changements environnementaux globaux, principalement climatiques et de concentrations en polluants atmosphériques, sur la communication chimique plantes-pollinisateurs. Ces deux axes de recherches sont abordés de manière originale et intégrative car je m’intéresse aussi bien aux pressions de sélections qu’aux sources de variations proximales qui peuvent affecter l’émission des COVs, leur stabilité dans l’atmosphère que leur détection par les pollinisateurs. Une originalité forte de mon approche est que je cherche à connecter différentes disciplines afin d’étudier conjointement les deux fonctions principales des COVs émis par les plantes : défenses contre des stress (abiotiques et biotiques) et reproduction.

Anglais

I dedicate part of my research activities to characterizing the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the nature of chemical messengers and the detection of these compounds in plant-pollinator interactions. The other part of my research focuses on the impact of global environmental changes, mainly climatic and atmospheric pollutant concentration changes, on plant-pollinator chemical communication. These two areas of research are approached in an original and integrative way, as I am interested in both selection pressures and sources of proximal variations that can affect the emission of VOCs, their stability in the atmosphere and their detection by pollinators. A strong originality of my approach is that I attempt to connect different disciplines in order to jointly study the two main functions of VOCs emitted by plants: defense against stresses (abiotic and biotic), and reproduction.

Projects since 2019

POLLURISK project, MUSE (Montpellier University of Excellence): Impact of ozone POLLUtion, in the context of climate change, on plant-pollinator chemical communication: RISQue pour la résilience des services écosystémiques (2018-2022, 150 k€, PI).

ExpOz project, ANSES: Determination of ozone exposure threshold values for the resilience of plant-insect chemical communication (2019-2022, 200 k€, PI).

Partners: IMBE; LCE; LBVpam; FLP-UAE (Morocco).

The aim of these two projects was to characterize the effect of ozone pollution (O₃) on chemical communication in two types of plant-pollinator interactions: the highly specialized and obligatory interaction between the cultivated fig tree and its pollinating wasp, and the generalist interaction between lavender and the honey bee. At the end of this project, we will define tolerance thresholds for the resilience of these two interactions to a major pollutant.

IRP Chine MOST project, CNRS-INEE: "Figs and fig-wasps: a model system to investigate biotic interaction network responses to global change" (2018-2022 then 2025-2029, 100 k€, PI). Partners: XTBG ; SCBG.

The aim of the IRP was to generate basic knowledge on the impact of increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and O₃on the stability of interaction networks and, more specifically, on the ecosystem services of pollination. For this, we used a model system, the specific mutualism between Ficus and fig insects. We studied how insects' attraction to the VOCs produced by their specific host plant was affected by high concentrations of O₃and CO₂through comparative studies conducted between three regions with high and variable tropospheric O₃ concentrations, southern France, southern Yunnan and Guangdong.

Chime2 project, PRIME 80 CNRS-INEE-IC: Biochemical constraints and ecological selection pressures in the evolution of volatile organic compounds responsible for pollinator attraction (2019-2022, 150 k€, PI) Partners: XTBG; LBVpam ; ICN.

The main objective of this project was to understand the evolutionary dynamics of floral VOC emission. Using fig trees, the aim was to understand the involvement of biochemical constraints, linked to volatile biosynthesis pathways, as well as ecological selection pressures in the establishment of VOCs responsible for attracting specialized pollinators. This approach will enable more general conclusions to be drawn on the mechanisms of co-evolution and co-adaptation at the level of chemical communication in plant-pollinator mutualistic interactions.

ASPI project, ANSES: Wild bees in the city: effects of urban pollutants on insect health and plant-pollinator interactions (2020-2024, 200 k€, WP manager). Partners: EEP; University of Mons (Belgium).

Thisproject aims to understand the effects of exposure of wild pollinators to urban pollutants (PAHs and phthalates), by combining several approaches. This will involve: (Axis 1) determining the nature and levels of contamination of wild bees living in cities (Axis 2) exploring the effects of living in low vs. highly polluted sites on pollinator health, the attractiveness of floral resources and the quality of pollen produced (Axis 3) characterizing the individual and colonial effects of exposure under controlled conditions to realistic mixtures of families of these contaminants.

COMIX project, French Embassy in China: Comparative study of the effect of O₃ concentration on the behavior of different species of fig tree pollinators (2019-2020, 13 k€, PI). Partners: XTBG; SCBG (China).

The aim of the project was to compare the sensitivity of different species of fig pollinators to different concentrations of O₃.

PolluCom project, ANR: "Effects of ozone pollution on plant-pollinator chemical communication under global warming, consequences for their interactions" (2023-2026, 702 k€, PI) Partners: LBVpam; IEES and Ecotron de Montpellier.

The aim of this project is to test the individual and combined effects of the two stress factors, O₃and temperature, on two pollination systems with different levels of specialization and with a focus on studying the mechanisms of action of O₃, using a broadly interdisciplinary approach. Both environmental stressors are expected to have an impact on plant and pollinator physiology, affecting, respectively, the emission of VOCs and their perception. These effects would emerge in particular from changes in the expression of genes involved in VOC biosynthesis and olfaction. We predict that these changes will disrupt plant-pollinator chemical communication and thus their interaction, with the generalist pollination system being more resilient than the specialist.

BeeMed project, ANSES: Resilience of bees to global changes through the prism of self-medication (2023-2025, 200 k€, P). Partners: ECOBIO; IMBE.

This project aims to define the capacity of different wild bee species to adapt to air pollution and climate change. More specifically, we will test the nutritional and self-medication resilience of bees by considering the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of environmental stressors and characterizing antioxidant resources within flowering plant pollen.

IRP Thailand SPECIFLY, CNRS-INEE project: "Characterization little-known of biodiversity: Ecology and evolution of specialized pollination by flies" (2023-2027, 10k€/year P). Partner: Chulalongkorn University.

This project aims to compare pollinator attraction strategies in two phylogenetically distant plant genera,Ceropegia (Thailand) andAristolochia (France), some of whose species have converged on the same deceptive pollination strategy. In addition to establishing a solid collaboration with the Thai team, this project opens up new prospects for understanding the factors governing the evolution of floral specialization.

Air pollution project, CAS: "Effects of air pollution on chemical communication between species - a case study of figs and fig wasps".  (2023-2026, 400 k€/ WP manager).  Partner: SCBG.

The aim of the project is to provide basic knowledge on the impact of air pollution on the stability of the interaction network between insects and plants. To this end, the effects of major pollutants (O₃, NO_X) on fig odor and the response of fig wasps to this variation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay regionwill be investigated.

IRN China project, Virtual Institute on Biodiversity, CAS-CNRS (2024-2028, 15k€/year PI). Partners:  researchers from 25 different units.

The virtual institute comprises a steering committee and around 15 pairs of principal investigators from CAS and CNRS institutes. The main objective of this IRN is to strengthen and develop Franco-Chinese collaboration on various aspects of biodiversity research through a network of scientists from both countries, and to set up an educational program for young scientists.

Blastosome project, Exposome-CNRS: A novel component of the fig exposome: its pollinator, the blastophage (2025-2026, 25k€ PI). Partners CRBM Montpellier (CNRS-INSB).

Our project is to study the disruptive effect of ozone pollution and rising temperatures on fig tree-blastophaga-Wolbachia-nematode interactions. We will draw on the complementary skills of a CNRS Biology team specializing in Wolbachia, nematodes and insect reproduction, and a CNRS Ecology & Environment team specializing in the chemical ecology and evolutionary biology of the Ficus-pollinator system.

Liste de publications

Blatrix R., Kidyoo A., Matrougui I., Samsungnoen P., McKey D., Proffit M., 2024. Mechanical stimulation of the stigmas triggers switch from female to male phase in the protogynous trap flower of Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae). Mediterranean Botany, 45, e85906. https://doi.org/10.5209/mbot.85906

Dubuisson C, Worthan H, Garinie T, Hossaert-McKey M, Lapeyre B, Buatois B, Temime-Roussel B, Ormeño E, Staudt M, Proffit M. 2024. Ozone alters the chemical signal required for plant – insect pollination: the case of the Mediterranean fig tree and its specific pollinator. Science of the total environment 827.

Démares F, Gibert L, Lapeyre B, Creusot P, Renault D, Proffit M. 2024. Ozone exposure induces metabolic stress and olfactory memory disturbance in honey bees. Chemosphere, 140647.

Hmimsa Y, ·Ramet A, · Dubuisson C, · El Fatehi S, Hossaert-McKey M, · Kahi H, · Munch J, · Proffit M, · Salpeteur M, ·  Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y. 2024. Pollination of the Mediterranean fig tree, Ficus carica L.: Caprification practices and social networks of exchange of caprifigs among Jbala Farmers in Northern Morocco. Human Ecology 52, 289–302

Kidyoo A., Kidyoo M., Ekkaphan P., Blatrix R., McKey D, Proffit M., 2024. Specialized pollination by cecidomyiid flies and associated floral traits in Vincetoxicum sangyojarniae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). Plant Biology, 26, 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13607

Cao L, Hmimsa Y, El fatehi S, Buatois B, Dubois MP, Le Moigne M, Hossaert‑McKey M, Aumeeruddy‑Thomas Y, Bagnères AG, Proffit M. 2023. Floral scent of the Mediterranean fig tree: significant inter‑varietal difference but strong conservation of the signal responsible for pollinator attraction. Scientific Reports | (2023) 13:5642 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32450-6

Deng X, Buatois B, Peng YQ, Yu H, Cheng Y, Ge X, Proffit M, Kjellberg F. 2023. Plants are the drivers of geographic variation of floral odours in brood site pollination mutualisms: a case study of Ficus hirta. Acta Oecologica, 121,103952.

Fernandez C, Saunier A, Wortham H, Ormeño E, Proffit M, Lecareux C, Greff S, Van Tan D, Tuan MS, Hoan HD, et al. 2023. Mangrove’s species are weak isoprenoid emitters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 283: 108256.

Demares F, Gibert L, Creusot P, Lapeyre B, Proffit M. 2022. Acute ozone exposure impairs detection of floral odor, learning, and memory of honey bees, through olfactory generalization. Science of the total environment 827.

Dubuisson C, Nicolè F, Buatois B, Hossaert-Mckey M, Proffit M. 2022. Tropospheric ozone alters the chemical signal emitted by an emblematic plant of the mediterranean region: the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, ff10.3389/fevo.2022.795588ff. ffhal-03871592f

Kidyoo A., Kidyoo M., McKey D., Proffit M., Deconninck G., Wattana P., Uamjan N., Ekkaphan P., Blatrix, R., 2022. Pollinator and floral odor specificity among four synchronopatric species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae) suggests ethological isolation that prevents reproductive interference. Scientific Reports, 12, 13788. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18031-z

Kidyoo A, Kidyoo M, Blatrix R, Deconninck G, McKey D, Ekkaphan P, Proffit M. 2021. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic reconsideration of Ceropegia hirsuta (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) reveal a novelty in Thailand, Ceropegia citrina sp. nov., with notes on its pollination ecology. Plant systematics and evolution 307.

Vanderplanck M., Lapeyre B., Brondani M., Opsommer M., Dufay M., Hossaert-McKey M., Proffit M. 2021. Ozone pollution alters olfaction and behavior of pollinators. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050636

Vanderplanck M, Lapeyre B, Lucas S, Proffit M. 2021. Ozone induces distress behaviors in fig wasps with a reduced chance of recovery. INSECTS 12.

Dormont L, Fort T, Bessiere J, Proffit M, Hidalgo E, Buatois B, Schatz B. 2020. Sources of floral scent variation in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis mascula.Acta oecologica 107.

Proffit M., LapeyreB., Buatois B., Deng X.X., Arnal P., Gouzerh F., Carrasco D., Hossaert-McKey M. 2020. Chemical signal is in the blend: bases of plant-pollinator encounter in a highly specialized interaction. Scientific Reports 10:10071

Conchou L., Lucas P., Meslin C., Proffit M., Staudt M., Renou M. 2019. Insect odorscapes: from plant volatiles to natural olfactory scenes. Frontiers in Physiology, 10:972. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00972 

Carrasco D.^*, Desurmont G.A.^*, Laplanche D., Proffit M., Gols R., Becher P.G., Larsson M.C., Turlings T.C.J., Anderson P. 2018. With or without you: effects of the concurrent range expansion of an herbivore and its natural enemy on native species interactions. Global Change Biology, 24(2):631-643.

Proffit M., Bessière J.M., Schatz B., Hossaert-McKey M. 2018. Can fine-scale post-pollination variation of fig volatile compounds explain some steps of the temporal succession of fig wasps associated with Ficus racemosa? Acta Oecologica, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2017.08.009.

Souto-Vilarós D., Proffit M., Buatois B., Rindos M., Sisol M., Kuyaiva T., Michalek J., Darwell C.T. , Hossaert-McKey M., Weiblen G. D. , Novotny V., Segar S.T. 2018 Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig-wasp mutualism. Journal of Ecology, 106:2256-2273.

Karlsson M.F., Proffit M., Birgersson. 2017. Host-plant location by the Guatemalan potato moth Tecia solanivora is assisted by floral volatiles.Chemoecology. 27(5):187-198.

Santonja M., Fernandez C., Proffit M., Gers C., Gauquelin T., Reiter I.M., Cramer W., Baldy V. 2017. Plant litter mixture partly mitigates the negative effects of extended drought on soil biota and litter decomposition in a Mediterranean oak forest. Journal of Ecology, doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12711.

Hossaert-McKey M., Proffit M., Soler C., Chen C., Bessière J.M., Schatz B., Borges R.M. (2016). How to be a dioecious fig: Chemical mimicry between sexes matters only when both sexes flower synchronously. Scientific Reports 6, 21236.

Kjellberg F., Proffit M. (2016). Tracking the elusive history of diversification in plant-herbivorous insect-parasitoid food webs: insights from figs and fig-wasps.Molecular Ecology, 25, 843-845.

Proffit M., Khallaf M., Carrasco D., Larsson M. & Anderson P. (2015). Do you remember the first time? Host plant preference in a moth is modulated by experiences during larval and adult mating.Ecology Letters, 18, 365-374.

Schatz B., Proffit M., Kjellberg F., Hossaert-McKey M. (2013). Un réseau trophique complexe: le cas des figuiers associés à différentes communautés d’insectes.in : Des insectes et des plantes. Ed. Quae.

Charpentier M.J.E., Barthes N., Proffit M., Bessière J.M., Buatois B., Grison C. (2012). Critical thinking in the chemical ecology of mammalian communication: Roadmap for future studies.Functional Ecology, 26, 769-774.

Clavijo McCormick A.L., Karlsson M.F., Bosa C.F., Proffit M., Bengtsson M., Zuluaga M.V., Fukumoto T., Oehlschlager C., Cotes Prado A.L., Witzgall P. (2012). Mating disruption of Guatemalan Potato Moth Tecia solanivora by attractive and non-attractive pheromone blends.Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38, 63-70.

Cornille A., Underhill J.G., Cruaud A., Hossaert-McKey M., Johnson S.D., Tolley K.A., Kjellberg F., van Noort S., Proffit M. (2012). Floral volatiles, pollinator sharing and diversification in the fig–wasp mutualism: insights from Ficus natalensis, and its two wasp pollinators (South Africa).Proceedings of the royal society-B, 279, 1731-1739.

Soler C., Proffit M., Bessière J.M., Hossaert-McKey M., Schatz B. (2012). When males change their scents in presence of females, the case of the plant Ficus carica.Ecology letters, 15, 978-985.

Witzgall P., Proffit M., Rozpedowska E., Becher PG., Andreadis S., Coracini M., Lindblom TU., Rearn LJ., Hagman A., Bengtsson M., Kurtzman CP., Piskur J., Knight A. (2012). "This is not an Apple"-yeast mutualism in codling moth.Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38, 949-957.

Proffit M., Birgersson G., Bengtsson M., Witzgall P., Lima E. (2011). Attraction and oviposition of Tuta absoluta females (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in response to tomato leave volatiles.Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37, 565-574.

Soler C., Hossaert-McKey M., Buatois B., Bessière J.M., Schatz B., Proffit M. (2011). Geographic variation of floral scent in a highly specialized pollination mutualism.Phytochemistry, 72, 74-81.

Hossaert-McKey M., Soler C., Schatz B., Proffit M. (2010). Floral scents: their roles in nursery pollination mutualisms.Chemoecology, 20, 75-88.

Soler C., Proffit M., Chen C., Hossaert-McKey M. (2010). Private channels in plant-pollinator mutualisms. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 7, 893-895.

Chen C., Song Q., Proffit M., Bessière J.M., Li Z., Hossaert-McKey M. (2009). Private channel: a single unusual compound assures specific pollinator attraction in Ficus semicordata.Functional Ecology, 23, 941-950.

Proffit M., Chen C., Soler C., Bessière JM., Schatz B., Hossaert-McKey M. (2009). Can chemical signals responsible for mutualistic partner encounter promote the specific exploitation of nursery pollination mutualisms? – The case of figs and fig wasps.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 131, 46-57.

Proffit M., Johnson S.D. (2009). Specificity of the signal emitted by figs to attract their pollinating wasps: Comparison of the volatile organic compounds produced by receptive syconia of Ficus sur and F. sycomorus in Southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 75, 771-777.

Proffit M., Schatz B., Bessière J.M., Chen C., Soler C., Hossaert-McKey M. (2008). Signalling receptivity: comparison of the emission of volatile compounds of figs of Ficus hispida before, during and after the phase of receptivity to pollinators.Symbiosis 45, 15-24.

Roy M., Dubois M.P., Proffit M., Vincenot L., Desmarais E., Selosse M.A. (2008). Evidence from population genetics that the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina is an actual multihost symbiont.Molecular Ecology 17, 2825-2838.

Proffit M., Schatz B., Borges R.M., Hossaert-McKey M. (2007). Chemical mediation and niche partitioning in non-pollinating fig-wasp communities.Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 296-303.

Schatz B., Proffit M., Rakhi B.V., Borges R.M., Hossaert-McKey M. (2006). Complex interactions on fig trees: ants capturing parasitic wasps as indirect mutualists of the fig-fig wasp interaction.Oikos 113, 344-352.

Directeur de recherche au CNRS

CEFE/CNRS
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier cedex 5

Tél : +33/0 4 67 61 33 10
Fax : +33/0 4 67 61 33 36
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Mots clés

Discipline : Ecologie évolutive, Ecologie comportementale, Ecophysiologie
Thématiques : Biologie des populations, Traits d’histoire de vie, Changements environnementaux, Hétérogénéité de l’habitat
Organismes biologiques : Aves, Parus (Mésanges)
Milieux : Région méditerranéenne, Milieux forestiers
Techniques :  Suivi d’individus marqués dans le cadre d’un programme à long terme
Autres mots clés : Interactions entre espèces, Ressources, Climat

Directeur de Recherche / Senior scientist

I study the evolution of adaptive diversity, using colour patterns in butterflies as a model. In my group, we integrate many different approaches, including ecology, genetics, and modelling, to try and untangle how multiple factors influence the evolution and maintenance of diversity and polymorphisms.

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Ingénieur de Recherche (IR1)

CEFE/CNRS
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier 5

tél : +33 (0)4 67 61 32 93
fax: +33 (0)4 67 61 33 36

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Visitez le site expérimental de Puechabon: http://puechabon.cefe.cnrs.fr/

Directeur de Recherche au CNRS (DR2)

CEFE/CNRS
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier cedex 5

tél : +33 4 67 61 33 07
fax: +33 4 67 41 21 38

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Thématique de recherche

Je développe un travail d’écologie évolutive qui vise à analyser les traits d'histoire de vie chez les plantes (systèmes de reproduction, traits floraux, dispersion). L’accent est mis l'accent sur l'importance de la dynamique écologique (dynamique des métapopulations, démographie) comme un processus de sélection dans l'évolution contemporaine. Mon approche combine (1) Analyse des patrons d’adaptation et méthodes d’inférence des traits d’histoires de vie dans les métapopulations de plantes, en milieu naturel (2) élaboration de modèles formels en écologie évolutive (3) expérimentations et tests d’hypothèses en conditions contrôlées.

Most-clés :Métapopulation-traits d'histoire de vie-Ecologie évolutive théorique-dispersion-systèmes de reproduction-plasticité-Epigénétique

PhD student

CNRS-CEFE

1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier 5
France
Office 105C

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PhD thesis subject (2024-2027): Drought effects on carbon assimilation and allocation in living tree biomass in forests

Supervisors: Jean-Marc Limousin (CNRS-CEFE) and Maxime Cailleret (INRAE-RECOVER)

Forests are a major player in the global carbon (C) cycle and at the heart of the climate change mitigation initiatives of the 2015 Paris Agreement, but models strongly disagree on the projection of this C sink under future climate change. Our current understanding of climate change effects on forest’s carbon sequestration is limited by uncertainties around the allocation of carbon among the different tree organs and the link between carbon photosynthetic assimilation and sequestration in perennial tree biomass.

The main objectives of this PhD thesis are to quantify how the C allocation in tree biomass changes among the different organs (wood, roots, leaves and reproductive organs) in response to increasing water stress and decreasing C assimilation. The research project will use both the results of five long-term rainfall manipulation experiments set in different forest ecosystems (three Mediterranean forests in Southern France, one temperate forest in North-Eastern France, and one eucalypt plantation in Brazil), and of carbon fluxes measured by eddy covariance in different forest sites within the ICOS network, to study the experimental and inter-annual effects of changing water availability. It will involve the analysis and synthesis of existing data and the collection of new data using homogenized and innovative protocols in every site, especially regarding the belowground compartment that is generally understudied in forest ecosystems.

The thesis will be articulated around three main research axes: i) improve our understanding of the link between photosynthetic C uptake and wood stem growth; ii) investigate the effects of drought on tree architecture and C allocation among the different aerial tree organs; iii) quantify belowground C allocation and its response to drought.

Email: quentin.struelens < at > ird.fr

Supervisor: Dr Olivier DANGLES

Institutions: National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) / French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD)

Keywords: Ecology, Agroecology, Socio-ecosystem dynamics, Tropical Andes.

Title:Pest Management Across Scales: Insight From Mountainous Tropical Agroscapes.

Context: the tropical Andes is a world full of gradients that occur at several spatial scales. At the crop scale, a mosaic of spatial and temporal microclimates exists due to the high diversity of crop plants and the diel temperature changes. At the landscape scale, the diversities of land-management and land-use produce a gradient of landscape complexity. Finally, at the human-community scale, there is a wide diversity and combinations of human cultures related to historical contingency. This combination of abiotic-, biotic- and human-related gradients makes the tropical Andes an attractive playground for ecologists who are interested in understanding the effects and interactions of these drivers on agroecosystems.

Goal: I aim at identifying the drivers of pest control across these three spatial scales in order to propose practical solutions for the local farmer communities. Each chapter focuses on a specific scale, with its particular set of drivers of pest control.

Chapter 1: At the crop scale, temperatures vary tremendously both spatially and temporally, which impacts the development and emergence of pests. To cope with this highly fluctuating environment, we expect species to have developed a variety of developmental and phenological adaptations. We integrated, for the first time, slow-fast thermal strategies into a mechanistic predictive framework. The model calibrated with the observed individual thermal strategies showed a high accuracy in phenological predictions. This model can therefore be used to accurately predict the emergence of pests in the Andean context. Read more...

Chapter 2: At the landscape scale, we aim at identifying potential trade-offs and synergies between landscape characteristics and agrochemical use on insect diversity and functions. We are especially interested in the potentially opposite effect of these two drivers on arthropod pests and pollinators, which both ultimately influence crop yield.

Chapter 3: At the human-community scale, we aim at assessing whether agrochemical resellers are responsible for pesticide overuse in the Andes. Reseller knowledge on common pests and the quality of their recommendations will be evaluated.

Chapter 4: At the human-community and landscape scale, we aim at understanding how the perception of ecosystem services and the landscape can be influenced by the traditional knowledge of indigenous and non-indigenous farmers.

Altogether, these different chapters will provide new insights in several areas of natural and human sciences, along with practical solutions to be included into an integrated pest management program.

Publications:

Struelens, Q., Rebaudo, F., Quispe, R., & Dangles, O. (2018). Thermal pace-of-life strategies improve phenological predictions in ectotherms. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34274-1

Rebaudo, F., Struelens, Q., & Dangles, O. (2018). Modelling temperature-dependent development rate and phenology in arthropods: The devRate package for r. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(4), 1144‑1150.  https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12935

Mina, D., Struelens, Q., Carpio, C., Rivera, M., Rebai, N., Rebaudo, F., & Dangles, O. (2017). Lupin Pest Management in the Ecuadorian Andes: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Outlooks on Pest Management, 28(6), 250‑256. https://doi.org/10.1564/v28_dec_05

Struelens, Q., Gonzales Pomar, K., Loza Herrera, S., Nina Huanca, G., Dangles, O., & Rebaudo, F. (2017). Market access and community size influence pastoral management of native and exotic livestock species: A case study in communities of the Cordillera Real in Bolivia’s high Andean wetlands. PLOS ONE, 12(12), e0189409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189409

Rebaudo, F., Struelens, Q., Callizaya Condori, F., & Quispe, R. (2017). Relationship between temperature and development rate of Copitarsia incommoda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Bolivian Andes. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 52(2), 313‑320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-017-0480-5

CNRS Researcher

Head of the Behavioural Ecology team

CEFE/CNRS
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier cedex 5

Bureau 208

Chargée de Recherche, HDR

CEFE/CNRS
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier 5

Tél : +33/0 4 67 61 32 11

Stephanie.bedhomme[at]cefe.cnrs.fr

Bref CV

2018    : HDR, Université de Montpellier

2014-     : CRCN CNRS, CEFE

2012-13 : Postdoc at Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL, Barcelone, Spain)

2009-12 : Postdoc at the Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology Institute (IBMCP, Valence, Spain)

2007-09 : Teaching and researche assistant, Münster University (Allemagne)

2005-07 : Postdoc at Queen’s University (Kingston, Canada)

2000-04 : PhD in the Genetic and Evolution of Infectious Disease laboratory (IRD, Montpellier)

Current group members

Michael Finnegan

Jeanne Hamet

Méril Massot

Thèmes de recherches (english version below)

• Transfert horizontal de gène, résistance antibiotique et évolution post-transfert

Nous travaillons actuellement sur les règles de circulation des gènes par transfert horizontal. Le transfert horizontal est un mécanisme qui contribue fortement à l'évolution des génomes procaryotes mais tous les gènes ne sont pas dans tous les génomes. Il existe donc des facteurs qui favorisent ou limitent les transferts et les orientent. Les recherches que nous conduisons actuellement visent à étudier le rôle de ces facteurs à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales. Nous nous intéressons en priorité, mais pas en exclusivité, aux transferts de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques : les données et connaissance les concernant sont abondantes, la manipulation des pressions de sélection en laboratoire est aisée et nos résultats ont potentiellement des applications plus ou moins directes pour la gestion du problème de santé publique que représente la propagation des résistances antibiotiques.

Les questions auxquelles nous essayons de répondre actuellement sont :

• Quels sont les facteurs (écologie, pression de sélection, géographie…) qui déterminent les prévalences de gènes de résistances à l’échelle mondiale ?
• Quels sont les facteurs (partage de niche écologique, association à des éléments génétiques mobiles, similarité de contexte génomique, distance phylogénétique entre hôte) qui favorisent les transferts horizontaux ?
• L’usage de codons du gène transféré affecte-il la fonctionnalité de ce gène dans le génome récepteur ?
• Le transfert horizontal d’un gène peut-il entrainer une évolution compensatoire ?
• L’évolution post-transfert est-elle détectable à différentes échelles temporelles ?

Les approches utilisées sont la mesure de fitness de collections de mutants et de gènes, l'évolution expérimentale, la génomique bactérienne et la génomique comparative.

• Propagation des hypermutateurs dans les populations bactériennes

Les hypermutateurs sont des génotypes bactériens dont le taux de mutation ponctuel est plus élevé (10 à 1000 fois) que dans le reste de l’espèce. Des modèles théoriques prédisent qu’ils ont un avantage et se propagent dans les populations qui se trouvent loin de leur optimum adaptatif. En effet, dans cette situation, la proportion de mutations avantageuses parmi toutes les mutations générées est plus importante ; les hypermutateurs ont donc un avantage transitoire en augmentant à l’approvisionnement en mutation avantageuse puis ils augmentent en fréquence en raison de la liaison génétique entre le déterminant génétique de l’hypermutation et la mutation avantageuse générée. Les conditions de propagation des hypermutateurs ont été étudiées par des approches théoriques et par des approches expérimentales qui mettent en compétition un hypermutateur avec son ancêtre mais il existe très peu d’approches expérimentales où l’apparition et la propagation d’hypermutateurs a été suivie dans plusieurs conditions environnementales. Nous avons mis en place un dispositif d’évolution expérimentale qui permet de faire cela pour les conditions environnementales suivantes : doses subinhibitrices de gentamicine et forte salinité.

Dans le cadre de cette approche, nous posons les questions suivantes :

• La probabilité et la vitesse de propagation des hypermutateurs dépend-elle du type de stress et de la largeur de la base génétique d’adaptation à ce stress ?
• Comment déterminer la nature et la base génétique de l’adaptation par une approche « évoluer et reséquencer » ?
• L’évolution en présence de concentrations subinhibitrices de gentamicine conduit-elle à des niveaux élevés de résistance ?
• Quel est le rôle de l’hétérogénéité de taux de mutation le long du génome dans l’évolution parallèle entre populations indépendante ?

• Pollution microplastique, bactéries pathogènes et résistance antibiotique.

Les plastiques, en usage ou après usage, se dégradent et libèrent dans leur environnement immédiat des nano- et microparticules. Ces particules sont transportées à longue distance par l’eau ou l’air, peuvent pénétrer dans tous les organismes vivants et représentent un danger direct pour la santé humaine, animale et végétale. Ces particules peuvent également se convertir en support pour la formation de biofilm qui peuvent contenir des espèces bactériennes pathogènes pour certaines espèces animales et/ou pour les humains. Nous nous intéressons au rôle potentiel des micro-plastiques comme vecteur de pathogènes en utilisant Vibrio anguillarum comme modèle bactérien et des microparticules de polystyrène, polypropylène et polyéthylène téréphtalate.

Dans ce contexte scientifique, nous posons les questions suivantes :

• Quelle est la variabilité intraspécifique d’adhérence de anguillarum aux microparticules de plastique ? Peut-on identifier les déterminants génétiques de cette adhérence ?
• Quelles sont les espèces bactériennes composant les biofilms sur les microparticules ? Comment cette composition varie-t-elle au cours des saisons et au travers des environnements marins ou côtier ?
• Les biofilms associés aux microplastiques présentent-ils une surreprésentation de certaines espèces ou de certains gènes (résistance aux antibiotiques par exemple) par rapport au microbiote environnant ?
• La composition des biofilms associés aux microplastiques affecte-t-elle l’adhésion de la bactérie pathogène anguillarum?
• Les biofilms associés aux microplastiques sont-ils des points chauds de transfert horizontal ?

Mots clés:

transfert horizontal de gène, résistance aux antibiotiques, effet en fitness de la variation synonyme, usage des codons, évolution expérimentale, génomique bactérienne, biofilms, pollution microplastique.

Research topics

• Horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic resistance and post-transfer evolution

We are currently working on the horizontal transfer traffic rules. Horizontal transfer is a mechanism that strongly contributes to the evolution of prokaryotic genomes but all genes are not found in all genomes. There are therefore factors that promote or limit transfers and direct them. Our current research aims to study the role of these factors at different temporal and spatial scales. We are primarily, but not exclusively, interested in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes: data and knowledge about them are abundant, the manipulation of selection pressures in the laboratory is easy, and our results have potentially more or less direct applications for the management of the public health problem represented by the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The questions we are currently trying to answer are:

- What are the factors (ecology, selection pressure, geography...) that determine the prevalences of resistance genes on a global scale?

• - What are the factors (ecological niche sharing, association with mobile genetic elements, genomic context similarity, phylogenetic distance between hosts) that favor horizontal transfers?
• - Does codon usage of the transferred gene affect the functionality of that gene in the recipient genome?
• - Can horizontal transfer of a gene lead to compensatory evolution?
• - Is post-transfer evolution detectable at different time scales?

The approaches used are fitness measurement of mutant and gene collections, experimental evolution, bacterial genomics and comparative genomics.

• Propagation of hypermutators in bacterial populations

Hypermutators are bacterial genotypes with a higher point mutation rate (10 to 1000 times) than the rest of the species. Theoretical models predict that they have an advantage and spread in populations that are far from their adaptive optimum. This is because in this situation, the proportion of advantageous mutations among all generated mutations is greater; thus, hypermutators have a transient advantage by increasing in supply of advantageous mutation and then increase in frequency due to the genetic linkage between the genetic determinant of the hypermutation and the generated advantageous mutation. The conditions of hypermutator propagation have been studied by theoretical approaches and by experimental approaches that put a hypermutator in competition with its ancestor but there are very few experimental approaches where the appearance and propagation of hypermutators has been followed under several environmental conditions. We have set up an experimental evolutionary setup that does this for the following environmental conditions: subinhibitory doses of gentamicin and high salinity.

In this approach, we ask the following questions:

• Does the probability and rate of hypermutator spread depend on the type of stress and the width of the genetic basis for adaptation to that stress?
• How can the nature and genetic basis of adaptation be determined by an "evolve and resequence" approach?
• Does evolution in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of gentamicin lead to high levels of resistance?
• What is the role of mutation rate heterogeneity along the genome in parallel evolution between independent populations?

• Microplastic pollution, pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance.

Plastics, in use or after use, degrade and release nano- and micro-particles into their immediate environment. These particles are transported over long distances by water or air, can penetrate all living organisms and represent a direct danger for human, animal and plant health. These particles can also become a surface where biofilm forms which may contain bacterial species pathogenic to certain animal species and/or humans. We are interested in the potential role of micro-plastics as pathogen vectors using Vibrio anguillarum as a bacterial model and polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate microparticles.

In this scientific context, we ask the following questions:

• What is the intraspecific variability of anguillarum adherence to plastic microparticles? Can we identify the genetic determinants of this adhesion?
• What are the bacterial species composing biofilms on microparticles? How does this composition vary over the seasons and across marine or coastal environments?
• Do microplastic-associated biofilms show an over-representation of certain species or genes (e.g. antibiotic resistance) relative to the surrounding microbiota?
• Does the composition of microplastic-associated biofilms affect the adhesion of the pathogenic bacterium anguillarum?
• Are microplastic-associated biofilms hotspots for horizontal transfer?

Key words:

Horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic resistance, fitness effect of synonymous variation, codon usage, experimental evolution, bacterial genomics, biofilms, microplastic pollution.

Publications

• Finnegan M., Hamet J., Desmarais E. and Bedhomme S. (2023) Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations. J. Vis. Exp. (192), e64709, doi:10.3791/64709.
• Pradier L. and Bedhomme S. (2023) Ecology, more than antibiotics consumption, is the major predictor for the global distribution of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. eLife 12:e77015. doi:10.7554/eLife.77015.
• Callens M., Rose C.J., Finnegan M., Gatchitch F., Simon L., Hamet, J., Pradier, L., Dubois, M-P. and Bedhomme, S. (2023) Hypermutator emergence in experimental Escherichia coli populations is stress-type dependent. Evolution Letters, 7: 252–261. doi:10.1093/evlett/qrad019.
• Callens M., Scornavacca C. and Bedhomme S. (2021) Evolutionary responses to codon usage of horizontally transferred genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial Genomics, 7:000587. doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000587.
• Pradier L., Tissot T., Fiston-Lavier A-S. and Bedhomme S. (2021) PlasForest: a homology-based random forest classifier for plasmid detection in genomic datasets. BMC Bioinformatics, 22: 349. doi: 10.1186/s12859-021-04270-w.
• Callens M., Pradier L., Finnegan M., Rose C.J. and Bedhomme S. (2021) Read between the lines: Diversity of non-translational selection pressures on local codon usage. Genome Biology and Evolution, evab097. doi:10.1093/gbe/evab097.
• Bedhomme S., Amorós-Moya D., Valero L.M., Bonifaci N., Pujana M-A. and Bravo I.G. (2019) Evolutionary changes after translational challenges imposed by horizontal gene transfer. Genome Biology and Evolution, 11:814–831. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz031.
• Bedhomme S., Perez-Pantoja D. and Bravo I.G. (2017) Plasmid and clonal interference during post-horizontal gene transfer evolution. Molecular Ecology, 26: 1832-1847. doi:10.1111/mec.14056.
• Mengual-Chuliá B., Bedhomme, S., Lafforgue, G., Elena, S.F., Bravo, I.G. (2016) Assessing parallel gene histories in viral genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 16:32.
• Félez-Sánchez M., Trösemeier J-H., Bedhomme S., González-Bravo M-I, Kamp C. and Bravo I.G. (2015) Cancer, warts or asymptomatic infections: clinical presentation matches codon usage preferences in human papillomaviruses. Genome Biology and Evolution, 7:2117–2135.
• Bedhomme S., Hillung, J. and Elena S.F. (2015). Emerging viruses: why they are not jacks of all trades? Current Opinion in Virology10:1–6.
• Larcombe S.D., Bedhomme S., Garnier S., Cellier-Holzem E., Faivre B. and Sorci G. (2013) Social interactions modulate the virulence of avian malaria infection. International Journal of Parasitology43: 861-867.
• Bedhomme S., Lafforgue G. and Elena S.F. (2013) Genotypic but not phenotypic historical contingency revealed by viral experimental evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology13:46.
• Bedhomme, S.,Lafforgue, G. and Elena S.F. (2012) Multihost experimental evolution of a plant RNA virus reveals local adaptation and host specific mutations. Molecular Biology and Evolution29:1481–1492.
• Bedhomme, S., Chippindale, A.K., Prasad, N.G, Delcourt, M., Abbott, J.K., Mallet, M.A. and Rundle, H.D. (2011) Male-limited evolution suggests no extant intralocus sexual conflict over the sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Genetics90: 443-452.
• Jiang, P.P., Bedhomme, S., Prasad, N.G. and Chippindale, A.K. (2011) Sperm competition and mate harm unresponsive to male-limited selection in Drosophila: An evolving genetic architecture under domestication. Evolution65: 2448-2460.
• Bedhomme, S. and Elena, S.F. (2011) Virus infection suppresses Nicotiana benthamianaadaptive phenotypic plasticity. PLoS ONE 6: e17275.
• Elena, S.F.,Bedhomme, S., Carrasco, P., Cuevas, J.M., de la Iglesia, F., Lafforgue,G., Lalić, J., Pròsper, A., Tromas, N. and Zwart, M.P. (2011) The evolutionary genetics of emerging plant RNA viruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions24: 287–293.
• Abbott, J.K., Bedhomme, S. and Chippindale A.K. (2010) Sexual conflict in wing size and shape inDrosophila melanogaster. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 1989-1997.
• Amoros-Moya, D., Bedhomme, S., Hermann, M. and Bravo, I.G. (2010) Evolution in regulatory regions rapidly compensates the cost of non-optimal codon usage. Molecular Biology and Evolution 27: 2141–2151.
• Bedhomme, S., Bernasconi, G., Koene, J.M., Lankinen, A.,Arathi, H.S., Michiels, N.K. and Anthes, N. (2009) How does breeding system variation modulate sexual antagonism? Biology Letters5: 717-720.
• Michalakis, Y., Bedhomme, S., Biron, D.G., Rivero, A., Sidobre, C. and Agnew, P. (2008) Virulence and resistance in a mosquito – microsporidium interaction. Evolutionary applications1: 49-56.
• Bedhomme, S., Prasad, N.G., Jiang, P.P., Chippindale, A.K. (2008) Reproductive Behaviour Evolves Rapidly When Intralocus Sexual Conflict Is Removed. PLoS ONE3: e2187.
• Kwan, L., Bedhomme, S., Prasad, N.G. and Chippindale, A.K. (2008) Sexual conflict and environmental change: tradeoffs within and between the sexes during the evolution of desiccation resistance. Journal of Genetics87: 383–394.
• Rivero, A., Agnew, P., Bedhomme, S., Sidobre, C. and Michalakis, Y. (2007) Resource depletion in Aedes aegyptimosquitoes infected by the microsporidia Vavraia culicis. Parasitology 134: 1355-1362.
• Prasad, N.G., Bedhomme, S., Day, T. and Chippindale, A.K. (2007) An evolutionary cost of separate genders revealed by male-limited evolution. American Naturalist169: 29–37.
• Prasad, N.G. and Bedhomme, S. (2006) Sexual conflict in plants. Journal of Genetics85: 161-165.
• Bedhomme, S., Agnew, P., Sidobre, C., Vital P.O. Y. and Michalakis, Y. (2005) Prevalence-dependent costs of parasite virulence.PLoS Biology 3: e262.
• Bedhomme, S., Agnew, P., Sidobre, C. and Michalakis, Y. (2005) Pollution by conspecifics as a component of intraspecific competition among Aedes aegyptiEcological Entomology 30: 1-7.
• Agnew, P., Berticat, C., Bedhomme, S., Sidobre, C. and Michalakis, Y. (2004) Parasitism increases and decreases the costs of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Evolution58: 579-586.
• Bedhomme, S., Agnew, P., Sidobre, C. and Michalakis, Y. (2004) Virulence reaction norms across a food gradient. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B271: 739-744.
• Bedhomme, S., Agnew, P., Sidobre, C. and Michalakis, Y. (2003) Sex-specific reaction norms to intraspecific larval competition in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Evolutionary Biology16: 721-730.
• Agnew, P., Bedhomme, S., Haussy, C. and Michalakis, Y. (1999). Age and size at maturity of the mosquito Culex pipiens infected by the microsporidian parasite Vavraia culicis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 947-952.

Book chapter:

• Bataillon, T., Bedhomme, S., Dillmann, C., Gaba, S., Gallet, R., Guidot, A., Goldringer, I., Jasmin, J-N., Kaltz, O., Méry, F., Nidelet, T., Reboud, X., Schneider, D., Sicard, D. and Spor, A. 2015. Evolution expérimentale. In F. Thomas, T. Lefèvre et M. Raymond (Eds), Biologie Evolutive, De Boeck, collection LMD, France, 617-646.
• Bedhomme, S. and Chippindale A.K. (2007) Irreconcilable differences: When sexual dimorphism fails to resolve sexual conflict (pp 185-194). In: Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism. DJ Fairbairnm WU Blanckenhorn et T Székely editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Maître de Conférences
CEFE, 2ème étage, Aile B, Bureau 209

Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier cedex 5

Tél : +33/0 4 67 61 33 17

sylvia.campagna(at)cefe.cnrs.fr

Keywords : Marine Mammals - Pinnipeds - Chemical Ecology  - Sensory Perception - Olfaction -Electrophysiology

Ingénieur d’études – CEFE CNRS

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Situé à l’interface recherche-conservation, mes missions consistent à analyser et valoriser des données de suivi ornithologiques afin d’appuyer le travail des gestionnaires d’espaces naturels.

A côté de cela, je travaille aussi en freelance sur des projets de valorisation de suivis en herpétologie en partenariat avec diverses associations et laboratoires de recherche.

Professeur des Universités, Université de Montpellier

Mes travaux portent sur l'écologie fonctionnelle et l'écologie des communautés d'invertébrés terrestres.

 In my studies I focuss on functional and community ecology of terrestrial invertebrates.

Courriel: Thibaud.Decaens [at] cefe.cnrs.fr

Directeur de Recherche CNRS

CEFE
Campus du CNRS
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier 5
Tél : +33/0 4 67 61 32 91
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@Th_Lenormand

My principal area of research is Evolutionary genetics and evolutionary ecology. I have a broad expertise in evolutionary biology, genetics and ecology.

I have been working on adaptation and mutation, local adaptation, evolution of genetic systems (sex, recombination, sex chromosomes), evolution of gene duplicates, speciation, genetic conflicts, dispersal, biotic interactions (parasites, microbiota), statistics and fitness measures. I have been working with many empirical systems (vertebrates, insects, crustaceans, fungi, plants, helminths, bacteria), in the lab and in the field.

Currently, my scientific activity rests on three axes: first I do theoretical work (theoretical population genetics, statistics, and bioinformatics development). I am particularly interested currently on the evolution of gene expression (on sex chromosomes or in asexuals). Second, I work on small crustaceans Artemia and Daphnia. I’m particularly interested currently on sex-asex transitions, biotic interactions and adaptation to temperature. Third, I do experimental evolution on E. coli. I'm particularly interested on testing fitness landscape models, adaptation to different doses of antibiotics, and coevolution of species coexisting by frequency dependence.

Research interests by keywords
adaptation, local adaptation, migration, speciation, (sex) chromosomes, clines, sex, parthenogenesis, meiosis, recombination, epistasis, dominance, mutations, resistance, duplications, modifiers, mating systems, sexual conflicts, parasites, microbiota.

Brief CV

Deputy director CEFE

Research director CNRS (DR1)
HDR (2007)
Ph.D Evolutionary Biology (1998)

ERC "advanced grant" (2023)
Radcliffe Fellow, Harvard Univ. (2017-2018)
ERC "starting grant" (2007)
Theodosius Dobzhansky Prize (Society for the Study of Evolution), 2000
Young Investigator Prize (American Society of Naturalists), 2000

ResearchGate, GoogleScholar,  AcademicTree

	Editor2012 - 2015
	Associate editor2005 - 2008
	Associate editor2004 - 2011
	Associate editor2003 - 2007
	Associate editor2023 -...

Interested to join the lab?

If you're interested in the research topics mentioned above, or related ones, do not hesitate to contact me to discuss possible internships, PhDs, or postdocs.

Preprints

Houtain A, A Derzelle, M Lliros, B Hespeels, E Nicolas, P Simion, J Virgo, A-C Heuskin, T Lenormand, B Hallet, K Van Doninck.Transgenerational chromosome repair in the asexual bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. bioRxiv

Recent papers

Lenormand T, Roze D. 2024 Can mechanistic constraints on recombination reestablishment explain the long-term maintenance of degenerate sex chromosomes? Peer Community Journal 4.

Molinier C, Lenormand T, Haag C. 2023. No recombination suppression in asexually produced males of Daphnia pulex. Evolution, qpad114

Boyer L, R Jabbour-Zahab, P Joncour, S Glémin, CR Haag, T Lenormand. 2023. Asexual male production by ZW recombination in Artemia parthenogenetica. Evolution 77: 1-12

Laroche F, Lenormand T. 2023. The genetic architecture of local adaptation in a cline. Peer Community Journal 3.

Lenormand T, Roze D. 2022. Y recombination arrest and degeneration in the absence of sexual dimorphism. Science, 375:663-666.

Muyle A, Marais GAB, Bačovský V, Hobza R, Lenormand T. 2022. Dosage compensation evolution in plants: theories, controversies and mechanisms. Philosophical Transactions B 377: 20210222

Pais-Costa AJ, Lievens EJ, Redón S, Sánchez MI, Jabbour-Zahab R, Joncour P, Van Hoa N, Van Stappen G, Lenormand T. 2022. Phenotypic but no genetic adaptation in zooplankton 24 years after an abrupt +10°C climate change. Evolution Letters 6:284-294.

Rode NO, Jabbour-Zahab R, Boyer L, Flaven É, Hontoria F, Van Stappen G, Haag C, Lenormand T. 2022. The origin of asexual brine shrimps. Am. Nat. 200: E52-E76.

Boyer L, R Zahab, M Mosna, C Haag, T Lenormand. 2021. Not so clonal asexuals: unraveling the secret sex life of Artemia parthenogenetica. Evolution Letters 5:164-174.

Bestová H, Segrestin J, von Schwartzenberg K, Škaloud P, Lenormand T, Violle C. 2021. Biological scaling in green algae: the role of cell size and geometry. Scientific Reports 11: 1-9.

Simion P, Narayan J, Houtain A, Derzelle A, Baudry L, Nicolas E,... and Van Doninck K. 2021. Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals homologous chromosomes and recombination in asexual rotifer Adineta vaga. Science advances 7: eabg4216.

Lenormand, T., Fyon, F., Sun, E., & Roze, D. 2020. Sex chromosome degeneration by regulatory evolution. Current Biology 30: 3001-3006.

Lievens EJP, Y Michalakis, T Lenormand. 2020. Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites. Recommended by PCI Evol Biol. JEB 33:1704-1714.

Harmand N, V Federico, T Hindre, T Lenormand. 2019. Non-linear frequency-dependent selection promotes long-term coexistence between bacteria species. Ecology Letters 22, 1192-1202

Lievens EJP, Rode NO, Landes J, Segard A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. 2019. Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community. International Journal for Parasitology, 49, 471-480.

Selected publications by topics

Adaptation and mutation effects

Bourguet, D., T. Lenormand, T. Guillemaud, V. Marcel, D. Fournier, and M. Raymond. 1997. Variation of dominance of newly arisen adaptive genes. Genetics 147:1225-1234.

Chevin L.-M., G. Martin, T. Lenormand. 2010. Fisher’s model and the genomics of adaptation: restricted pleiotropy, heterogeneous mutation and parallel evolution. Evolution 64: 3213-3231PDF

Gallet R., Latour Y., Bradley H., and T. Lenormand. 2014. The dynamics of niche evolution upon abrupt environmental change. Evolution 68:1257-1269

Gallet R, Violle C, Fromin N, Jabbour-Zahab R, Enquist B, Lenormand T. 2017. The evolution of bacterial cell size: the internal diffusion-constraint hypothesis. ISME J. 11:1559-156

Harmand N, Gallet R, Jabbour-Zahab R, Martin G, Lenormand T. 2016. Fisher’s geometrical model and the mutational patterns of antibiotic resistance across dose gradients. Evolution 71:23-37.

Harmand N, Gallet R, Martin G, Lenormand T. 2018. Evolution of bacteria specialization along an antibiotic dose gradient.Evol.Let. in press.

Jasmin J.-N., Lenormand T. 2016. Accelerating mutational load is not due to synergistic epistasis or mutator alleles in mutation accumulation lines of yeast. Genetics DOI 115.182774

Labbé, P., Sidos, N., Raymond, M., and Lenormand, T., 2009. Resistance Gene Replacement in the Mosquito Culex pipiens: Fitness Estimation from Long Term Cline Series. Genetics 182:303-312PDF

Lenormand, T., D. Roze, F. Rousset. 2009. Stochasticity in evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24: 157-165.PDF

Lenormand T, Chevin LMC, Bataillon T. 2016. Parallel evolution : what does it (not) tell us and why is it (still) interesting? [Book chapter, in Chance in Evolution Ramsey G & C Pence Eds, Univ. Chicago Press]. 

Lenormand, Nougué O, Jabbour-Zahab R, Arnaud F, Dezileau L, Chevin L.-M and Sánchez M. 2017 Resurrection Ecology in Artemia. Evol Appl. 11:76-87

Lenormand T, Harmand N, Gallet R. Cost of resistance: an unreasonably expensive concept. bioRxiv.

Manna F., Martin G., and T. Lenormand. 2011. Fitness landscape: an alternative theory for the dominance of mutations. Genetics 189:923-937.PDF.

Manna F., Gallet R., Martin G., and T. Lenormand. 2012. The high throughput yeast deletion fitness data and the theories of dominance. JEB, 25:892-903.PDF.

Martin, G., and T. Lenormand. 2006. A general multivariate extension of Fisher's geometrical model and the distribution of mutation fitness effects across species. Evolution 60:893-907. AwardedFisher Prize 2007, Best PhD paper published in Evolution in 2006.PDF

Martin, G., and T. Lenormand. 2006. The fitness effect of mutations in stressful environments: a survey in the light of fitness landscape models. Evolution 60:2413-2427.PDF

Martin, G., S.F. Elena and T. Lenormand. 2007. Distributions of epistasis in microbes fit predictions from a fitness landscape model. Nature Genetics 39:555-560.PDF

Martin, G., and T. Lenormand. 2008. The distribution of beneficial and fixed mutation fitness effects close to an optimum. Genetics. 179: 907-916.PDF

Martin, G., and T. Lenormand. 2015. The fitness effect of mutations across environments: Fisher's geometric model with multiple optima.Evolution 69:1433-1447 

Nougué O, Svendsen N, Zahab R, Lenormand T, Chevin LM. 2016. The ontogeny of tolerance curves : habitat quality versus acclimation in a stressful environment.J. Anim. Ecol. Doi 10.1111/1365-2656.12572.

Pais-Costa AJ, Lievens EJ, Redón S, Sánchez MI, Jabbour-Zahab R, Joncour P, Van Hoa N, Van Stappen G, Lenormand T. 2022. Phenotypic but no genetic adaptation in zooplankton 24 years after an abrupt +10°C climate change. Evolution Letters 6:284-294.

Local adaptation

Alberto F., S. N. Aitken, R. Alía, S. C. González-Martínez, H. Hänninen, A. Kremer, F. Lefèvre, T. Lenormand, S. Yeaman, R. Whetten, O. Savolainen. 2013. Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change - evidence from tree populations. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/gcb.12181.

Debarre F., Lenormand, T. and Gandon S. Evolutionary epidemiology of drug-resistance in space. 2009. PLoS Comp. Biol. 5:e1000337.PDF

Debarre F.,and T. Lenormand. 2011.Distance-limited dispersal promotes coexistence at habitat boundaries: reconsidering the competitive exclusion principle. Ecology Letters, 14: 260-266PDF

Epinat, G., and T. Lenormand. 2009. The evolution of assortative mating and selfing with in- and outbreeding depression. Evolution. 63: 2047-2060.PDF

Gallet R, Latour Y, Hughes B S, Lenormand T. 2014. The dynamics of niche evolution upon abrupt environmental change. Evolution 68: 1257-1269

Guillemaud, T., T. Lenormand, D. Bourguet, C. Chevillon, N. Pasteur, and M. Raymond. 1998. Evolution of resistance in Culex pipiens: Allele replacement and changing environment. Evolution 52:443-453.

Labbe, P., T. Lenormand, and M. Raymond. 2005. On the worldwide spread of an insecticide resistance gene: a role for local selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:1471-1484.PDF

Laroche F, Lenormand T. 2023. The genetic architecture of local adaptation in a cline. Peer Community Journal 3.

Lenormand, T. 2002. Gene flow and the limits to natural selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17:183-189.PDF

Lenormand, T., D. Bourguet, T. Guillemaud, and M. Raymond. 1999. Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Nature 400:861-864.PDF

Lenormand, T., and M. Raymond. 1998. Resistance management: the stable zone strategy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 265:1985-1990.PDF

Lenormand, T., and M. Raymond. 2000. Analysis of clines with variable selection and variable migration. American Naturalist 155:70-82.PDF

Milesi P, Lenormand T., Lagneau C, Weill M, Labbé P. 2016. Relating Fitness to Long-term Environmental Variations in natura.Molecular Ecoloy 25:5483-5499.

Gene duplication evolution

Labbe, P., A. Berthomieu, C. Berticat, H. Alout, M. Raymond, T. Lenormand, and M. Weill. 2007. Independent duplications of the acetylcholinesterase gene conferring insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:1056-1067. PDF

Lenormand, T., T. Guillemaud, D. Bourguet, and M. Raymond. 1998. Appearance and sweep of a gene duplication: Adaptive response and potential for new functions in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Evolution 52:1705-1712. PDF

Labbé P., Milesi P., Yébakima A., Weill M., and T. Lenormand. 2014. Gene dosage effects on fitness in recent adaptive duplications : ace-1 in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Evolution 68: 2092-2101

Labbe, P., C. Berticat, A. Berthomieu, S. Unal, C. Bernard, M. Weill and T. Lenormand. 2007. Forty years of erratic insecticide resistance evolution in the mosquito Culex pipiens. PLoS Genetics, 3:e205. PDF

Milesi P, Weill M, Lenormand T., Labbé P. 2017. Heterogeneous gene duplications can be adaptive because they permanently associate overdominant alleles.Evolution Letters,1:169-180.

Sex, recombination, sex chromosomes, life cycles

Boyer L, R Jabbour-Zahab, P Joncour, S Glémin, CR Haag, T Lenormand. 2023. Asexual male production by ZW recombination in Artemia parthenogenetica. Evolution 77: 1-12

Boyer L, R Zahab, M Mosna, C Haag, T Lenormand. 2021. Not so clonal asexuals: unraveling the secret sex life of Artemia parthenogenetica. Evolution Letters 5:164-174.

Doums C, P Chifflet-Belle, T Lenormand, R Boulay, I Villalta. 2023. A putatively new ant species from the Cataglyphis cursor group displays low levels of polyandry with standard sexual reproduction. Insectes Sociaux 70: 439-450.

Fyon F, Lenormand T. 2018. Cis-regulator runaway and divergence in asexuals. Evolution 10.1111/evo.13424

Haag C, Theodosiou L, Zahab R, Lenormand T. 2017. Low recombination rates in sexual species and sex-asex transitions Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. DOI: 10.1098/rstb. 2016-0461

Lenormand T, Roze D. 2024 Can mechanistic constraints on recombination reestablishment explain the long-term maintenance of degenerate sex chromosomes? Peer Community Journal 4.

Lenormand T, Roze D. 2022. Y recombination arrest and degeneration in the absence of sexual dimorphism. Science, 375:663-666.

Lenormand T, Engelstädter J, Johnston SE, Wijnker E, Haag CR. 2016. Evolutionary mysteries in meiosis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, Doi 10.1098/rstb.2016.0001. alsohereon BiorXiv

Lenormand, T. 2003. The evolution of sex dimorphism in recombination. Genetics 163:811-822.PDF

Lenormand, T., and S. P. Otto. 2000. The evolution of recombination in a heterogeneous environment. Genetics 156:423-438.PDF

Lenormand, T., and J. Dutheil. 2005. Recombination difference between sexes: A role for haploid selection.PLoS Biology 3:396-403. PDF 

Lenormand T, Roze D, Cheptou P-O, Maurice S. 2010. L'évolution du sexe: un carrefour pour la biologie évolutive. in Biologie évolutive. M. Raymond, F. Thomas, T. Lefèvre, Eds. DeBoeck.
Everything you ever wanted to know about sex, but in French

Lievens EJP, Henriques GJB, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. 2016. Maladaptive sex ratio adjustment in the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Curr Biol. 26:1463–1467

Martin, G., S. P. Otto, and T. Lenormand. 2006. Selection for recombination in structured populations. Genetics 172:593-609.PDF

Molinier C, Lenormand T, Haag C. 2023. No recombination suppression in asexually produced males of Daphnia pulex. Evolution, qpad114

Mollion M, Ehlers BK, Figuet E, Santoni S, Lenormand T, Maurice S, Galtier N, Bataillon T. 2017. Patterns of genome-wide nucleotide diversity in the gynodioecious plant Thymus vulgaris are compatible with recent sweeps of cytoplasmic genes. Genome biology and evolution 10:239-248

Muyle A, Marais GAB, Bačovský V, Hobza R, Lenormand T. 2022. Dosage compensation evolution in plants: theories, controversies and mechanisms. Philosophical Transactions B 377: 20210222

Nougué O, Flaven E, Jabbour-Zahab R, Rode N O, Dubois M-P, Lenormand T. 2015. Characterization of nine new polymorphic microsatellite markers in Artemia parthenogenetica. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 58, 59-63

Nougué O, Rode NO, Jabbour Zahab R, Ségard A, Chevin LMC, Haag C, Lenormand T. 2015. Automixis in Artemia: solving a century old controversy. J. Evol. Biol. 28:2337-2348

Otto, S. P., and T. Lenormand. 2002. Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination. Nature Reviews Genetics 3:252-261.PDF

Rescan M, Lenormand T, Roze D. 2016. Interaction between genetic and ecological effects on the evolution of life cycles. American Naturalist 187: 19-34

Rode NO, Jabbour-Zahab R, Boyer L, Flaven É, Hontoria F, Van Stappen G, Haag C, Lenormand T. 2022. The origin of asexual brine shrimps. Am. Nat. 200: E52-E76.

Roze, D., and T. Lenormand. 2005. Self-fertilization and the evolution of recombination. Genetics 170:841-857.PDF

Henry, P. Y., L. Vimond, T. Lenormand, and P. Jarne. 2006. Is delayed selfing adjusted to chemical cues of density in the freshwater snail Physa acuta? Oikos 112:448-455.PDF

Svendsen N, Reisser CMO, Dukić M, Thuillier V, Ségard A, Liautard-Haag C, Fasel D, Hürlimann E, Lenormand T, Galimov Y and Haag CR. 2015. Uncovering Cryptic Asexuality in Daphnia magnaby RAD-Sequencing. Genetics 201:1143-1155

Speciation

Bierne, N., T. Lenormand, F. Bonhomme, and P. David. 2002. Deleterious mutations in a hybrid zone: can mutational load decrease the barrier to gene flow? Genetical Research 80:197-204.PDF

Chevin, L.-M., Decorzent G., T. Lenormand. 2014. Niche dimensionality and the genetics of ecological speciation. Evolution 68:1244-1256

Fel-Clair, F., J. Catalan, T. Lenormand, and J. Britton-Davidian. 1998. Centromeric incompatibilities in the hybrid zone between house mouse subspecies from Denmark: Evidence from patterns of NOR activity. Evolution 52:592-603.

Fel-Clair, F., T. Lenormand, J. Catalan, J. Grobert, A. Orth, P. Boursot, M. C. Viroux, and J. BrittonDavidian. 1996. Genomic incompatibilities in the hybrid zone between house mice in Denmark: Evidence from steep and non-coincident chromosomal clines for Robertsonian fusions. Genetical Research 67:123-134.

Ganem, G, C. Litel, and T. Lenormand. 2008. Variation in mate preference across a house mouse hybrid zone. Heredity. 6:594-601PDF

Gay, L., P. Crochet, D. Bell, and T. Lenormand. 2008. Comparing genetic and phenotypic clines in hybrid zones: a window on tension zone models. Evolution 62: 2789-2806PDF

Lenormand T. 2012. From local adaptation to speciation: specialization and reinforcement. International Journal of Ecology. Ecological speciation (special issue) article ID 508458.PDF

Lenormand, T., F. FelClair, K. Manolakou, P. Alibert, and J. BrittonDavidian. 1997. Chromosomal transmission bias in laboratory hybrids between wild strains of the two European subspecies of house mice.Genetics 147:1279-1287. PDF

Dispersal

Billiard, S., and T. Lenormand. 2005. Evolution of migration under kin selection and local adaptation. Evolution 59:13-23. PDF

Lenormand, T., T. Guillemaud, D. Bourguet, and M. Raymond. 1998. Evaluating gene flow using selected markers: A case study. Genetics 149:1383-1392. PDF

Rieux A, Lenormand T., Carlier J., de Lapeyre de Bellaire L., Ravigne V. 2013 Using neutral cline decay to estimate contemporary dispersal: a generic tool and its application to a major crop pathogen.Ecology Letters 16 :721-730

Genetic conflicts

Autran D, Baroux C, Raissig MT, Lenormand T, Wittig M, Grob S, Steimer A, Barann M, Klostermeir UC, Leblanc O, Vielle-Calzada JP, Rosenstiel P, Grimanelli D, Grossniklaus U. 2011. Maternal epigenetic pathways control parental contributions to Arabidopsisearly embryogenesis. Cell 145: 707-719.PDF

Cailleau A., P.-O. Cheptou, T. Lenormand. 2010. Ploidy and the evolution of endosperm of flowering plants. Genetics 184:439-453.PDF

Cailleau A, Grimanelli D, Cheptou P-O, Lenormand T. 2018. Dividing a maternal pie among half-sibs: genetic conflicts and the control of resource allocation to seeds in maize. Am. Nat. 192: 577-592

Fyon F., Cailleau A., Lenormand T. 2015. Enhancer runaway and the Evolution of diploid gene expression.PLoS Genet. DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005665.

Rode N., Charmantier A., Lenormand T. 2011. Male-female coevolution in the wild : evidence from a time series in Artemia franciscana. Evolution 65:2881-2892.PDF
On the web See a great summary by Carl Zimmerhere or in Wiredhere.

Biotic interactions

Ehlers B., David P., Damgaard C.F., Lenormand T. 2016. Competitor relatedness, indirect soil effects, and plant co-existence. Journal of Ecology 104: 1134-1135

Gallet, R., T. Lenormand and I.-N. Wang, 2012 Phenotypic stochasticity prevents lytic bacteriophage population from extinction during bacterial stationary phase. Evolution 66: 3485-3494.PDF

Lievens EJP, Rode NO, Landes J, Segard A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. 2018. Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community. International Journal for Parasitology 49, 471-480.

Lievens EJP, Perreau JMA, Agnew P, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. 2018. Decomposing parasite fitness in a two-host, two-parasite system reveals the underpinnings of parasite specialization. bioRxiv 256974.

Nougué O, Gallet R, Chevin LMC, Lenormand T. 2015. Niche Limits of Symbiotic Gut Microbiota Constrain the Salinity Tolerance of Brine Shrimp. American Naturalist 186:390-403
Microbiota impact the niche and an extended definition of realized niches

Rode N.O., Lievens EJP, Flaven E., Segard A., Jabbour-Zahab R., Sanchez M, Lenormand T. 2013. Why join groups? Lessons from parasite-manipulated Artemia. Ecology Letters 16:493-501.PDF
On the web:Parasites Make Their Hosts Sociable So They Get Eaten. Ed Yong's National Geographic Blog

Rode N.O., Landes J., Lievens E.J.P., Flaven E., Segard A., Jabbour-Zahab R., Michalakis Y., Agnew P., Vivares C., Lenormand T. 2013. Cytological, molecular and life cycle characterization of Anostracospora rigaudi n. g., n. sp. and Enterocytospora artemiae n. g., n. sp., two new microsporidian parasites infecting gut tissues of the brine shrimp Artemia.Parasitology 140:1168-1185 

Sánchez M.I., N.O. Rode, E. Flaven, S. Redón, F. Amat, G.P. Vasileva, T. Lenormand. 2012. Differential susceptibility to parasites of invasive and native species of Artemia living in sympatry: consequences for the invasion of A. franciscana in the Mediterranean Region. Biological Invasion, 14:1819-1829.PDF

Sanchez M., Pons I., Martinez-Haro M., Taggart M.A., Lenormand T., Green A. 2016. When parasites are good for health: cestode parasitism increases resistance to arsenic in brine shrimps. PLoS Pathogens DOIe1005459

Vasileva G.P., Redon S., Amat F., Nikolov P.N., Sanchez M., Lenormand T., Georgiev B.B. 2009 Records of cysticercoids of Fimbriarioides tadornae (Maksimova, 1976) and Branchiopodataenia gvozdevi (Maksimova, 1988) (Cyclophyllidea, Hymenolepididae) from brine shrimps at the Mediterraneancoasts of Spain and France, with a key to cestodes from Artemia spp. from the Western Mediterranean.Acta Parasitologica 54: 143-150. PDF

Fitness

Gallet R., Cooper T., Elena S.F., T. Lenormand. 2012. Measuring selection coefficients below 10-3 : method, questions and prospects. Genetics, 190:175-186.PDF
Over 150 millions phenotypes scored, one of the most precise measure of selection ever made and the questions it raises

Gimenez O., R. Covas, C. Brown, M. Anderson, M. Bomberger Brown, and T. Lenormand. 2006. Nonparametric estimation of natural selection on a quantitative trait using capture-mark-recapture data. Evolution 60:460-466.PDF

Gimenez O., Gregoire A., Lenormand T. 2009. Estimating and visualizing fitness surfaces using mark-recapture data.Evolution. 63: 3097-3105. 

Lenormand T, Rode NO, Chevin LMC, Rousset F. 2016. Valeur sélective: définitions, enjeux et mesures. in Biologie évolutive 2nd edition. M. Raymond, F. Thomas, T. Lefèvre, Eds. DeBoeck.
Everything you ever wanted to know about fitness, but in French

Download CFit : a stand-alone package to fit clines

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Personal interests

As an ecophysiologist, my research is focused on the adaptive strategies of plants under drought (Volaire, 2018, Global Change Biology). I have particularly analysed the adaptive strategies to cope with severe water deficit, such as summer dormancy (Volaire & Norton, 2006, Annals of Botany). I also investigate the  dehydration tolerance and embolism resistance of perennial herbaceous plants under severe summer droughts as occurring in Mediterranean and semi-arid areas.  We proposed a critical view of the so called 'functional' traits that are increasingly challenged as unsuitable to fully understand plant and communities functioning (Volaire et al., 2021 Ecology and Evolution). As a consequence, I highlight the importance of seasonal phenological adaptations across species and types to survive dehydration stress (drought, frost), based on the important framework in ecology, the 'growth-stress survival' tradeoff' (Volaire et al., 2022 Annals of Botany). I am developing collaborative research projects with geneticists and ecologists to understand plant traits and strategies associated with drought survival with application to plant breeding in forage species for better adaptation to increasing aridity under climate change.

Intérêts personnels
Mes travaux portent sur les stratégies adaptatives des plantes à la sécheresse. Je travaille notamment sur les espèces herbacées pérennes sous sécheresses estivales sévères de type méditerranéen. Je couple des approches en écophysiologie, agronomie et écologie fonctionnelle. L’objectif principal est d’analyser le fonctionnement des espèces et communautés herbacées sous contrainte hydrique forte dans le cadre du changement climatique. Un cadre conceptuel et terminologique unifié des stratégies adaptatives des plantes à la sécheresse a été proposé en 2018. Les études portent notamment sur la stratégie de dormance estivale et plus largement sur la généricité du compromis fonctionnel entre potentiel de croissance et survie au stress. Une revue multi-espèces et multi-stress a été publiée en 2023 dans Annals of Botany qui propose de considérer mieux la phénologie des plantes au travers d'un 'Plant economics spectrum' saisonnier.